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King William I of The Netherlands - 1815 > 
William was the eldest son of Stadholder William V and Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia. In 1791 the 19-year-old prince married his cousin, also called Wilhelmina of Prussia (1774-1837), two years his junior. A year later their son William was born. If the French army had not brought the Republic to an end in 1795, William would have succeeded his father as stadholder. As it was, he and his family were forced into exile in England. However, William did not remain in England long. He soon left for Germany with his wife and son to fight as a general in the Prussian army. He campaigned against the French, later tried to reach a settlement with Napoleon, and finally returned to England. After Napoleon's defeat in 1813, William was invited to return to the Netherlands.
After the French defeat, Europe was divided along new lines. It was decided to unite the northern and southern provinces of the Low Countries, and in 1815 the Kingdom of the Netherlands was proclaimed with William I as its king. William earned a reputation as the 'merchant king', promoting trade and industry and taking advantage of many of the innovations which had been introduced under the French Occupation of 1795-1813. But William I was an authoritarian ruler. In 1830 the Belgians rebelled against his policies and proclaimed their own state. In 1840, in what remained of the Netherlands after Belgian secession, he was forced to accept greater influence for parliament. A week after this humiliation he abdicated, leaving the country to join his daughter in Berlin, where he remarried. He died at his Berlin palace in 1843.
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• http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria ... dia/00047747?lang=en
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoléon Bonaparte was general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, Emperor of t... |
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King Louis Napoleon
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Lodewijk Napoleon in Dutch), king of Holland (1806-1810). Intended by his older brother Napoleon Bonaparte as little more than a French governor... |
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King Leopold I of Belgium
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, was the first king of Belgium, or more correct of the Belgians, according to the constitution of that country, since July 21, 1831.
In 1830 the... |
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Thorbecke, Dutch Constitution 1848
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke was one of the most important Dutch politicians. In 1848, he virtually singlehandedly drafted the revision of the Dutch constitution, giving fewer... |
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Independence of Belgium
With the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 a period of foreign domination began by the Netherlands, Austria and Spain, for the period from 1477 to 1794. Belgium was occup... |
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