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Søren Kierkegaard, Father of Existentialism
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a profound and prolific writer in the Danish "golden age" of intellectual and artistic activity. His work crosses the boundaries of philosophy... |
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Karl Marx, Founder Communism
Karl Marx, with Friedrich Engels, a founder of modern socialism and communism. The son of a lawyer, he studied law and philosophy; he rejected the idealism of Hegel but w... |
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Friedrich Engels, Founder Communism
Friedrich Engels, with Karl Marx, founder of modern Communism and Socialism, he was the son of a textile manufacturer, and after managing a factory in Manchester, England... |
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Herbert Spencer, English Philosopher
Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, prominent classical liberal political theorist, and sociological theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embra... |
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Leo Tolstoy, Russian Writer
Count Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist and philosopher, considered one of the world's greatest writers.
About 1876 the doubts that had beset Tolstoy since youth, fed by h... |
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche sharply criticized the Greek tradition's over-emphasis on reason in his Die Götzendämmerung (Twilight of the Idols) (1889). Reliance on abstract concepts in a q... |
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Rudolf Steiner, Founder Anthroposophy
Rudolf Steiner was an Austrian philosopher, literary scholar, architect, playwright, educator, and social thinker. He is the founder of anthroposophy, "a movement based o... |
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Rosa Luxemburg, Political Theorist
Rosa Luxemburg was a Polish-born German Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kin... |
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Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido
Morihei Ueshiba was a famous martial artist and founder of the Japanese martial art of aikido. He is often referred to as Kaiso, meaning "founder", or Osensei, "Great Tea... |
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, and regarded by some as the most important since Immanuel Kant. His early work... |
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Heidegger, German Philosopher
A student of Husserl, whom Heidegger succeeded as professor of philosophy at Freiburg, he was also influenced by Kierkegaard, Dilthey, and Nietzsche. Heidegger's major wo... |
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Karl Popper, Philosophy of Science
The most important philosopher of science since Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Sir Karl Popper finally solved the puzzle of scientific method, which in practice had never see... |
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Jean-Paul Sartre, French Philosopher
Recognizing a connection between the principles of existentialism and the more practical concerns of social and political struggle, Sartre wrote not only philosophical tr... |
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Simone de Beauvoir
Born and educated in Paris, Simone de Beauvoir was among the first women permitted to complete a program of study at the École Normale Supérieure. Through her lifelong fr... |
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Noam Chomsky
Chomsky is one of the most well-known figures of the American left. His traditional definition of himself is a anarchist, a political philosophy he summarizes as seeking... |
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